The 'sendmail' executable which PHP uses on Linux/Mac (not Windows) expects "\n" as a line separator. This executable is a standard, and emulated by other MTAs. "\n" is …Then you can use sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/ssmtp -t to tell php to use ssmtp instead of sendmail. Be sure to restart your web server after you have made changes to php.ini. Also ensure you have configured ssmtp and validated your SPF, DKIM, DMARC records before you make the changes to sendmail_path in php.ini. For example gmail Mail server.If you don't want to use mail(), then yes, you could talk to sendmail with popen, though you may instead want to use a third-party mailer package such as Swiftmailer, which (besides being able to send email via smtp/sendmail/postfix) also makes it easier to ensure that sent emails are properly formatted.A PHP development environment that runs at least PHP 7.0. (Optional) Composer. Installation You can send emails using mail(), Sendmail or Qmail, or you can send them directly through SMTP servers. Additional advanced features include: SSL/SMTP Authentication; Attachments in fs, string, and binaryPHPMailer is a third-party PHP library that provides a simple way to send emails in PHP. It offers a range of features that make it a popular alternative to PHP’s …XAMPP is Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P).It is for developers to create a local webserver for testing or deployment purposes. As a part of testing, developers need to send emails that are always going to be there when it comes to online businesses.Dec 19, 2023 · Dynamic Action URL: Instead of hardcoding the action URL (like send-email.php), the script now dynamically retrieves the URL from the form’s action attribute. This means you can set the action URL to any server-side script (PHP, Java, Node.js, etc.), and the JavaScript will adapt accordingly. PHP Letterit. LetterIt is a Web-based mailing list manager that is simple to install and available in several languages. It can send messages to a mailing list via PHP Mail, sendmail, qmail, SMTP or pickup mode (only Windows) in HTML/Text or text format with attachment. Downloads: 0 This Week.The Feedback Form PHP Script. Now all that remains is to code "sendmail.php". This is made extremely easy by the facilities available in PHP. Type the following code into a file named "sendmail.php". Do not put anything else into that file, ie, don't put in any other HTML tags or headers, etc.Jun 16, 2020 · PHPMailer makes this a breeze. Developers also need to write dirty code (escaping characters, encoding and formatting) to send attachments and HTML based emails when using the mail () function ... Feb 28, 2022 · To install sendmail, follow the steps below. Download and extract sendmail. Download sendmail from here. Then extract the zip file to C:\sendmail\. Configure sendmail.ini. Now, open sendmail.ini from the main sendmail folder. Search and set the configuration as below. You may supply arguments as well (default: "sendmail -t -i"). sendmail_path =/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f [email protected] You have to make sure to comment out the Win32 settings. After doing that, my MAMP server on my Mac finally got a mail through.I need to send emails from my php pages, but it seems that the sendmail php command needs sendmail installed on the laptop. I understand I can install sendmail by sudo aptitude install sendmail, but don't know how to configure it as after installing it and restarting apache2, sendmail from php still does not work and returns no errors at all.I have PHP's mail() using ssmtp which doesn't have a queue/spool, and is synchronous with AWS SES.. I heard I could use SwiftMail to provide a spool, but I couldn't work out a simple recipe to use it like I do currently with mail().. I want the least amount of code to provide asynchronous mail. I don't care if the email fails to send, but it would be …Feb 26, 2019. #8. "Not delivered" does not mean "not sent". It is crucial to know whether the e-mail is placed into the mail out queue. Try to find it in /var/log/maillog (/var/log/mail.log), because there you can normally see what the mail server is doing with it. You can normally find it by searching for the recipient address, e.g.Aug 22, 2013 · PHP script to connect to a SMTP server and send email on Windows 7 Sending an email from PHP in Windows is a bit of a minefield with gotchas and head scratching. I'll try to walk you through one instance where I got it to work on Windows 7 and PHP 5.2.3 under (IIS) Internet Information Services webserver. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname. Edit the sendmail configuration file ( /etc/mail/sendmail.cf in Ubuntu) and Uncomment the line #O: O HostsFile=/etc/hosts. Restart the computer, or run sudo service sendmail restart. The computer should boot up much faster now and the mail () function should return almost …Here's a small handy function I use to send email in UTF-8. <?php function mail_utf8 ($to, $from_user, $from_email, $subject = '(No subject)', $message = '') { $from_user = "=?UTF-8?B?". base64_encode ($from_user). "?="; $subject = "=?UTF-8?B?". base64_encode ($subject). "?="; $headers = "From: $from_user < $from_email >\r ". "MIME-Version: 1. ... The Feedback Form PHP Script. Now all that remains is to code "sendmail.php". This is made extremely easy by the facilities available in PHP. Type the following code into a file named "sendmail.php". Do not put anything else into that file, ie, don't put in any other HTML tags or headers, etc.PHP has a built-in mail function to send emails without using any third-party libraries. The mail () function is capable of simple mail sending requirements in PHP. In localhost, it will not work without setting the php.ini configuration. Find the following section in your php.ini file and set the sendmail path and related configuration.1 Answer. mail () uses the smtp/sendmail settings found in php.ini. If you need to send it via another smtp, or one with authentication (like in your example) mail is simply not enough. There are good mailer libraries out there, just to name a few: They are all capable of sending emails via an authenticated smtp server.The mail () function allows you to send emails directly from a script. Syntax mail ( to,subject,message,headers,parameters ); Parameter Values Technical Details More Examples Send an email with extra headers: <?php $to = "[email protected]"; $subject = "My subject"; $txt = "Hello world!"; $headers = "From: [email protected]" . "\r " . There are many simple mail scripts online, such as this one for PHP: Use Ajax to send request to the PHP script ,check that required field are not empty or incorrect using js also keep a record of mail send by whom from your server. function sendMail() is good for …Dec 5, 2013 · Most Linux installations have sendmail preinstalled, there is always a hassle of setting up SPF/PTR records, to ensure that the email sent by your PHP script is not flagged as spam. A SMTP client called MSMTP can be used to send emails using third-party SMTP servers, this can also be used by PHP's mail() in the place of sendmail. How to Send Email via PHP. Sending an email is one of the common actions in every programming language. In this short tutorial, we will cover how to send an email via PHP. The fastest and most efficient way of sending an email with PHP is to use the inbuilt mail function. The syntax will look like this: mail(to,subject,message,headers,parameters);Tested with PHP 4.2.2 on Linux: Please note that if you're using Unicode (mb_language("uni")) and you attempt to send mail with mb_send_mail(), you will need to base64_encode() the message body - mb_send_mail() doesn't do that for you. It does, however, issue the correct message headers, so you don't need to worry about that. Restart Sendmail. Restart Sendmail using the following command. sudo /etc/init.d/sendmail restart. Now you can send emails using SMTP. Additional Configurations Configuration with PHP. To use Sendmail with PHP you need to ad sendmail path in your php.ini file. sudo nano /etc/php/ version / fpm-or-apache2 …Learn how to use SendGrid's v2 API and PHP library to send an email with their services in less than 12 lines of code. This tutorial shows you how to set up the cURL request and the email parameters, and provides a sample code snippet. You can also explore other SendGrid PHP resources and libraries for more advanced features and integrations.PHP Send Email With Template (Click To Enlarge) WHICH IS THE BEST METHOD? All of the above methods work. However, string replacement can be resource-intensive when it comes to a long email with many variables. So, personal preference – “Wicked output buffer with extract” is the most elegant among the three. LINKS & …Jun 28, 2012 · NEVER use html, head or body elements or you will cause absolute chaos on web-based email systems that actually follow (X)HTML standards. Also if sending HTML email never send a header level greater than h2 as your email subject (on proper systems) will be in the single h1 element on the page. Sep 12, 2021 · A PHP development environment that runs at least PHP 7.0. (Optional) Composer. Installation You can send emails using mail(), Sendmail or Qmail, or you can send them directly through SMTP servers. Additional advanced features include: SSL/SMTP Authentication; Attachments in fs, string, and binary Jun 28, 2023 · Locate the php.ini file in the /etc/ directory and find the [mail function] section. For Windows systems, you’ll need to define the SMTP parameter, which will point to your email server. And the sendmail_from parameter which should be your email address. It should look like this: [mail function] ; For Win32 only. sendmail: sendmail://default: Mailer uses the local sendmail binary to send emails: native: native://default: Mailer uses the sendmail binary and options configured in the sendmail_path setting of php.ini. On Windows hosts, Mailer fallbacks to smtp and smtp_port php.ini settings when sendmail_path is not configured.Sending email is a simple and straightforward task in PHP. Yes! trust me. For some beginners and sometimes even the experienced too struggle to send an email using PHP. Let’s solve it once forever with this article. Sending an email with PHP’s core function mail() is simpler and the easier option. <?php // The message […]PHP mail() function kích hoạt chương trình Sendmail, thường được cấu hình bởi system admin. Chương trình này giúp bạn gửi email được. Để dùng được hàm này, hãy chắc là nhà cung cấp của bạn cho phép bạn chỉnh chức năng Sendmail service. Các bước gửi email hàm PHP mail() như sau: Oct 27, 2022 · The first step in sending an HTML or a plain text email with PHPMailer is to require PHPMailer to use Composer (one of the most common ways of adding packages to PHP projects). Add this line to your composer.json file in the “require” {} section: "phpmailer/phpmailer": "^6.6". Or open the command prompt in your project root directory and run: PHP code to send email from a contact form. Our form is leading somewhere, but it’s not clear where. Let’s add some action points and use the default mail() function to send a simple email after submission. The code of this PHP contact form specifies the headers and body of a message and sends each email with the mail() method. It also …Learn how to use SendGrid's v2 API and PHP library to send an email with their services in less than 12 lines of code. This tutorial shows you how to set up the cURL request and the email parameters, and provides a sample code snippet. You can also explore other SendGrid PHP resources and libraries for more advanced features and integrations.Describing the Mail Function in PHP. This PHP function allows sending emails directly from the script. It is capable of returning the hash value of the parameter address. In case of a failure, it will return False. 2) Unzip this in a folder on your c: drive (preferably use a simple path, for example c:\wamp\sendmail -- long filenames could cause problems) 3) Edit your PHP.INI file (note: WAMP users should access their php.ini file from the WAMP menu). Go to the [mail function] section and modify it as such:1. Found this in google: You can send mail from localhost with sendmail package , sendmail package is inbuild in XAMPP. So if you are using XAMPP then you can easily send mail from localhost. for example you can configure C:\xampp\php\php.ini. and c:\xampp\sendmail\sendmail.ini for gmail to send mail.Php mail() is not working but sendmail is. 0. Amazon EC2 configuration for sending mail. 1. Failed sending mail EC2-PHP with SendMail. 1. EC2 SES from php mail. 1. Sendmail with Ubuntu and PHP. 0. Unable to send emails from Amazon EC2 hosted website. 0. PHPMailer not able to send send email with ec2. 1.PHP has a built-in mail function to send emails without using any third-party libraries. The mail () function is capable of simple mail sending requirements in PHP. In localhost, it will not work without setting the php.ini configuration. Find the following section in your php.ini file and set the sendmail path and related configuration.PHP Warning: mail(): SMTP server response: 503 This mail server requires authentication when attempting to send to a non-local e-mail address. Please check your mail client settings or contact your administrator to verify that the domain or address is defined for this server. in …PHP has a built-in mail function to send emails without using any third-party libraries. The mail () function is capable of simple mail sending requirements in PHP. In localhost, it will not work without setting the php.ini configuration. Find the following section in your php.ini file and set the sendmail path and related configuration.2) Unzip this in a folder on your c: drive (preferably use a simple path, for example c:\wamp\sendmail -- long filenames could cause problems) 3) Edit your PHP.INI file (note: WAMP users should access their php.ini file from the WAMP menu). Go to the [mail function] section and modify it as such:The default location depends on your linux/unix system, but the most common places are. If it's not there, look up /etc/syslog.conf. You should see something like this. sendmail writes logs to the mail facility of syslog. Therefore, which file it gets written to depends on how syslog was configured. If you system uses syslog-ng (instead of the ... As mentioned earlier, for Windows users there is a fake sendmail option. A bit more detailed description how to do this is: If you have a test server in use running Windows and some …PHP Warning: mail(): SMTP server response: 503 This mail server requires authentication when attempting to send to a non-local e-mail address. Please check your mail client settings or contact your administrator to verify that the domain or address is defined for this server. in …Nov 20, 2023 · echo 'Email sent successfully.'; echo 'Failed to send the email.'; The mail function returns a boolean value to indicate whether the email was sent successfully. 3. Customize your email’s content and format. You can also enhance the content of your email by including HTML tags or using PHP to dynamically generate the message. Step 3: Configure Sendmail. The main configuration file for Sendmail is /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. However, it is recommended to make changes to the .mc file (e.g., /etc/mail/sendmail.mc) and then generate the .cf file. This makes the configuration process easier and less error-prone. To configure Sendmail, open the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file …And, not what I was looking for, which was a simple script to send email in PHP via SMTP. Not a tutorial on PHPMailer or some other mail script, not use the mail() function. – WebDude0482. Dec 30, 2022 at 16:17. Add a comment | 0 you can employ the use of the phpmailer library since the mail() function has limitations in its use. so I prefer …Apr 20, 2017 · To do the same as mail () PHP function does, in most cases you should configure Laravel in the following way: Use sendmail, at .env: MAIL_DRIVER=sendmail. If you are using Larvel 7 or above. MAIL_MAILER=sendmail. Laravel 7 replaced MAIL_DRIVER by MAIL_MAILER. Host, user, password, port and encryption are not needed. Step 3: Configure Sendmail. The main configuration file for Sendmail is /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. However, it is recommended to make changes to the .mc file (e.g., /etc/mail/sendmail.mc) and then generate …Jul 6, 2010 · 1- I installed sendmail from my package manager shell> dnf install sendmail. 2- I started it shell> service sendmail start. 3- Now if any PHP mail () function fails I find the errors of the sendmail program logged under /var/mail/ directory. 1 file per user. For example this snippet is taken from my /var/mail/root file. Sending Email With the PHP Mail Function . When you use the PHP mail() function, you end up sending email directly from your web server rather than your mail server. If you have a mail server through your web host, or even a mail server with a different host, it's usually better to send mail through that instead.The comprehensive Arduino Email Client Library to send and read Email for Arduino devices. The library also supports other network shields or modules e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and GSM/4G modules. arduino esp8266 mail email esp32 imap smtp arduino-library ethernet sendmail sender rfc822 email-client samd21 readmail wifinina rp2040 …Jan 11, 2024 · Restart Sendmail. Restart Sendmail using the following command. sudo /etc/init.d/sendmail restart. Now you can send emails using SMTP. Additional Configurations Configuration with PHP. To use Sendmail with PHP you need to ad sendmail path in your php.ini file. sudo nano /etc/php/ version / fpm-or-apache2 /php.ini. To the bottom of the file add ... 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname. Edit the sendmail configuration file ( /etc/mail/sendmail.cf in Ubuntu) and Uncomment the line #O: O HostsFile=/etc/hosts. Restart the computer, or run sudo service sendmail restart. The computer should boot up much faster now and the mail () function should return almost …Nov 6, 2021 · sendmail will read your e-mail from standard input, and attempt to send the e-mail when you enter a single dot (". ") on a new line and press Enter. For example, after running the above command, you could type: From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Hi, this is my message, and I'm sending it to you! . Here's a short explanation of the configuration directives. mail.add_x_header bool. Add X-PHP-Originating-Script that will include UID of the script followed by the filename. mail.log string. The path to a log file that will log all mail () calls. Log entries include the full path of the script, line number, To address and headers. You can now use PHP’s mail () function to send email from your application. To illustrate how it can be used with your Gmail account, use your text editor to create an example script named sendmail.php in the htdocs/ subdirectory and fill it with the following code. Once done, save your changes.Jan 5, 2024 · Step 3: Configure Sendmail. The main configuration file for Sendmail is /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. However, it is recommended to make changes to the .mc file (e.g., /etc/mail/sendmail.mc) and then generate the .cf file. This makes the configuration process easier and less error-prone. How To Send Email Via Gmail Using PHP With PHP Mailer | PHP Send Email SMTP Gmail | Full Step By StepSource Code :- https://bit.ly/sendemaildavidgtechpp (Pay...CodeIgniter's Email Class is a powerful and easy-to-use library that allows you to send and manage emails in your web applications. You can use various protocols, encryption, attachments, HTML or plaintext formats, and more. Learn how to use the Email Class in CodeIgniter 4.4.3 with this comprehensive documentation.So first, enable two step verification, you can find plenty of resources for enabling two step verification. After you enable it, then you have to create an app password. And use the app password in your .env file. When you are done with it, …Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question.Provide details and share your research! But avoid …. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.In the below code i have 3 files ( job.php, form.php, sendmail.php ) In job.php i have job mentioned if the jobseeker click apply button it then go to form.php where the jobseeker fill their detail after they submit then the mail go to employer.The CLI SAPI provides a built-in web server.. The web server runs only one single-threaded process, so PHP applications will stall if a request is blocked. URI requests are served from the current working directory where PHP was started, unless the -t option is used to specify an explicit document root.First, configure the Php.ini file. Open the Php.ini file, and find the entry: [mail function] Set the following values: SMTP=localhost sendmail_from = string smtp_port=25 Note that the default value is localhost, so there is no need to change this if SMTP is installed locally. Save and close the Php.ini file. Enable Relay for localhost:Configure Sendmail in the PHP Container. Next, we have to instruct PHP to send mails to the MailHog container. Traditionally this is done by the SMTP client sendmail, which can be tricky to set up in a container.Fortunately, there is an alternative SMTP client coming from the MailHog developer: mhsendmail.So it’s no surprise that it works …Introduction. This is a short guide covers how to enable the mail() function in PHP on Ubuntu.. Here are the steps I took to get sendmail working on my Ubuntu server.. Step 1: Install sendmail. The first thing you need to do is install the sendmail package. Do this by running the following command in your terminal: $ sudo apt-get install sendmailIf you use the BusyBox sendmail, you can set the configuration in the php.ini file. BusyBox sendmail relays to an SMTP server. You can specify the server on the command line, with the -S option. My configuration in php.ini is: sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail -S 172.16.239.1 -t -i I'm using an SMTP server in another container.A PHP development environment that runs at least PHP 7.0. (Optional) Composer. Installation You can send emails using mail(), Sendmail or Qmail, or you can send them directly through SMTP servers. Additional advanced features include: SSL/SMTP Authentication; Attachments in fs, string, and binaryFirst, make sure you PHP installation has SSL support (look for an "openssl" section in the output from phpinfo()). ... Also the sendmail SMTP server is a Fake server. Its nothing beside a text terminal (Try writing anything on it. :P). It will use gmail s,tp to send Mails.I’ve got a DigitalOcean server running Ubuntu 18 with Apache and PHP 7.2. I wanted to be able to send emails from it using the PHP mail() function and WordPress plugins like GravityForms and such…PHP script to connect to a SMTP server and send email on Windows 7 Sending an email from PHP in Windows is a bit of a minefield with gotchas and head scratching. I'll try to walk you through one instance where I got it to work on Windows 7 and PHP 5.2.3 under (IIS) Internet Information Services webserver.Aug 12, 2023 · Download SendMail for free. SendMail is a simple program that can send e-mails via SMTP protocol. SendMail is a simple program that can send e-mails via SMTP protocol. It is created using C# and is only available for Windows operating system. To solve this issue, do the instructions same as the accepted answer and ALSO run the server (or IDE) as admin, by either: 1) Right clicking the program (e.g. server, ide, command prompt) and clicking "Run as Administer". 2) OR Right click program> properties> compatiblity> Tick execute as admin. For instance if your using the PHP in …The mail () function allows you to send emails directly from a script. Syntax mail ( to,subject,message,headers,parameters ); Parameter Values Technical Details More …Describing the Mail Function in PHP. This PHP function allows sending emails directly from the script. It is capable of returning the hash value of the parameter address. In case of a failure, it will return False. 1.) Create a file called mail.txt (or anything you like) in ~/mail.txt with vim or nano or your preferred text editor. 2.) Paste the following content to it, but of course adjusting the email addresses, as those are just sendmail command examples: And here goes the e-mail body, test test test.. 3.) There are many simple mail scripts online, such as this one for PHP: Use Ajax to send request to the PHP script ,check that required field are not empty or incorrect using js also keep a record of mail send by whom from your server. function sendMail() is good for doing that. PHPMailer was originally written in 2001 by Brent R. Matzelle as a SourceForge project. Marcus Bointon ( coolbru on SF) and Andy Prevost ( codeworxtech) took over the project in 2004. Became an Apache incubator project on Google Code in 2010, managed by Jim Jagielski. Marcus created his fork on GitHub in 2008. Apr 8, 2023 · By following the steps to send email from PHP, you will have the basic ability to send emails from your web application. However, to ensure that your emails are delivered effectively and avoid being caught by filters, you will need to focus on security attributes and other factors that can help your emails pass spam and security checks.
Introduction. This is a short guide covers how to enable the mail() function in PHP on Ubuntu.. Here are the steps I took to get sendmail working on my Ubuntu server.. Step 1: Install sendmail. The first thing you need to do is install the sendmail package. Do this by running the following command in your terminal: $ sudo apt-get install sendmail. Aerosoft a330 klm
Aug 18, 2021 · PHP mail () function is a built-in function in PHP that allows sending email using a local sendmail program. Whenever you call the mail () function, it invokes a local sendmail program. If your website is hosted on an online server, the sendmail program is usually configured by default by the system administrator. Example: If your PC is a node under the domain example.com and you set all config to localhost no problem sending mail from localhost because you are explicitly authorized to send mail as the domain example.com. sendmail_from = [email protected] smtp_port = 25 or SSL port of your SMTP server (465 mostly) SMTP = localhost.The default location depends on your linux/unix system, but the most common places are. If it's not there, look up /etc/syslog.conf. You should see something like this. sendmail writes logs to the mail facility of syslog. Therefore, which file it gets written to depends on how syslog was configured. If you system uses syslog-ng (instead of the ... If you use Unix-based systems, like Linux, you need to uncomment the sendmail_path variable by removing the semicolon from the beginning of the line, so PHP finds your sendmail location. When all the above is done, naturally we try …Apr 28, 2012 · Combine two answers above, I finally make it work. Just be careful that the first single quote for each string is a backtick (`) in file sendmail.mc. . #Change to your mail config directory: cd /etc/mail #Make a auth subdirectory mkdir auth chmod 700 auth #maybe not, because I cannot apply cmd "cd auth" if I do so. Dec 21, 2022 · Sendmail en PHP avec pièces jointes. Sendmail en utilisant PHPMailer avec SMTP. 1. PHP mail () Le PHP mail () consiste à envoyer des mails depuis une application. Voyons les configurations PHP requises pour faire fonctionner la fonction mail (). Aussi, nous verrons ci-dessous la syntaxe et les paramètres communs de cette fonction PHP . Jun 28, 2023 · Locate the php.ini file in the /etc/ directory and find the [mail function] section. For Windows systems, you’ll need to define the SMTP parameter, which will point to your email server. And the sendmail_from parameter which should be your email address. It should look like this: [mail function] ; For Win32 only. Step 1: Edit the php.ini file. Go to your xampp directory and locate the php folder. Inside this folder, locate the php.ini configuration file. Your path should look like this: Open the file in an editor and look for the [mail function] part, and replace the code there with the following: This command points to the sendmail folder, which we ...Oct 17, 2023 · Create a new PHP file with the name specified in the HTML code. In this case, it will be send_email.php. The script will grab the form data such as name, email, and message if the request is POST. Then, it will validate form fields. If everything is correct, the script will send an email to a specified recipient address. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname. Edit the sendmail configuration file ( /etc/mail/sendmail.cf in Ubuntu) and Uncomment the line #O: O HostsFile=/etc/hosts. Restart the computer, or run sudo service sendmail restart. The computer should boot up much faster now and the mail () function should return almost …Laravel provides drivers for SMTP, Mailgun, Mandrill, Amazon SES, PHP's mail function, and sendmail, allowing you to quickly get started sending mail through a local or cloud based service of your choice. Driver Prerequisites. The API based drivers such as Mailgun and Mandrill are often simpler and faster than SMTP servers.How to Send Emails With the Mail Function in PHP Before getting started, you’ll want to make sure that your PHP environment is configured for sending emails. ….